This library records 53 enforcement actions involving the foreign-exchange (FX) asset class, spanning 11 of its 60 manipulation techniques and 5 regulators (CFTC, SEC, FCA, OSC, ASIC), filed between 2013-02-06 and 2025-04-29. These are enforcement records, not a random sample of conduct: they reflect what regulators chose to investigate, charge and publish, not the full population of FX manipulation that actually occurred.
FX is not one of this site's six technique families on its own; FX-tagged records are drawn
from whichever family the underlying conduct belongs to — chiefly benchmark and cross-market
rigging (the FX fixing cases), order-book manipulation, and related-but-distinct
charges such as Ponzi fraud and fraud against managed-account clients. The breakdown below groups those
records by technique rather than by family.
Records by technique
Every technique on this site with at least one FX-tagged record, most-recorded first.
Within this library, FX-tagged records are spread across 11 techniques, led by
Ponzi schemes, benchmark submission rigging, price manipulation: a mix of
the large multi-bank benchmark and fixing matters and other schemes whose records mention
currency markets, not one kind of conduct across the 53 records.
CFTC brings the largest share of the FX-tagged records this library holds
(26 of 53).
This says nothing about how common FX manipulation is relative to other markets — only that
the matters regulators have brought and published here cluster this way. The record is also
incomplete by construction:
more than half of this library's total case count is conduct this site classifies as
related but distinct from manipulation itself
, and FX is no exception to that caveat.
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